英?和?h?的十大?^?e
一、英?重???，?h?重??
我????Z言?W家王力先生曾???：“就句子的???而?，西洋?言是法治的，中??Z言是人治的。”(《中??Z法理?》，《王力文集》第一卷，第35?，山?|教育出版社，1984年)
我??看一看下面的例子：
Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with inbuilt(成?楣潭ㄑb置的，嵌入???鹊模?仍诘模?逃械模?ersonalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived。
?文：?和?⑴c?有??性晶片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有??性?戎玫碾???⒈灰??楣ぷ麾钒槎?皇枪ぞ撸????⒃?馕峨??前休?，到??r?滴?r代就?淼搅恕?br />
?句英?是由四???立句??成的?K列句，前三??句子都用?????r，最後一??句子用的是??硗瓿?r，句子之?的??S通??r?B、逗?和?K列??and表示得一清二楚。而?h??文明?就是??蔚??述，至於句子之?的??S完全通?句子的??表?出?恚呵叭??句子可以看成是?K列??S，最後一??句子?t表示?果。
二、英?多?句，?h?多短句
由於英?是"法治"的?言，只要???上?]有出???，?多意思往往可以放在一???句中表?;?h??t正好相反，由於是"人治"，??通?字?直接表?，不同的意思往往通?不同的短句表?出?怼U?怯伸哆@??原因，考研英??h???缀醢俜种?俣际情L而??的句子，而翻?成中文?常就成了?多短小的句子。
例如：Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline (身心的???，??;?律，??，命令服?模?徒洌?土P;?W科，科目)and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
?文：人????v史研究方法?生了?趣，??其?是因?橥獠??v史作?橐婚T知??W科的有效性提出了挑?穑??不如?是因??v史?W家?炔堪l生了??吵。
英文原句是??典型的?句，由27??片?成，中??]有使用任何?它c符?，完全靠?法???使整??句子的意思化零?檎??ess through...and more from??成一????的?钫Z修??釉~arisen。在中文翻?中，"?生?趣"?一重要?热萃ㄟ^一???立的句子表?，???不同的原因?t分?e由不同的句子表?，整??句子被化整?榱恪?br />
三、英?多?木洌?h?多分句
英?句子不?H可以在??尉渲惺褂煤荛L的修??使句子??，同?r也可以用?木涫咕渥幼???，而?些?木渫??ㄟ^?木湟?г~?主句或其他?木溥B接，整??句子??管表面上看?????s是一??整?。?h?本?砭拖?g用短句，加上表????相???散，英?句子中的?木浞??h??r往往成了一些分句。
例如：On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
?文：?的?碚f，得出??右????是有一定程度把握的，但是必?具?????l件：能?蚣俣ㄟ@??孩子??y?的?B度和?他相比的另一??孩子的?B度相同;他也?]有因缺乏?e的孩子已掌握的有?知?而被扣分。
原文中???only if引?У?木滹@然使整??句子?得很??，可是由於有?K列??but和and，整句?的????S十分清楚：…能?虻贸鼋Y?…但是只要…而且只要…。?纳厦娴淖g文我??可以看出，?榱耸怪形谋磉_更加清楚，but only if...and only if...首先提?挈?：但是必?具?????l件……，??做法?我??的感?是?文中?]有?木洌?械闹皇且恍┎煌?姆志洹?br />
四、主?，??等名?成分“英?多代?，?h?多名?”
在句子中，英?多用名?和介?，?h?多用?釉~。
英?不?H有we、you、he、they等人?代?，而且?有that、which之?的??S代?，在?而??的句子，?榱耸咕渥咏Y??正?、??清楚，同?r避免表?上的重?，英?往往使用很多代?。?h??然也有代?，但由於???相???散、句子相??^短，?h??不能使用太多的代?，使用名?往往使??更加清楚。?看下?的例句：
There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
?文：??r，?⒊霈F由?C器人主持的?????目及?有污染??y器的汽?，一旦?些汽?污染超??或??)，??y器就??蛊渫q?。
五、英?多被?樱?h?多主??br />
英?比?喜?g用被?诱Z?B，科技英?尤其如此。?h??然也有"被"、"由"之?的?表示?幼魇潜?拥模??@?表???]有英?的被?诱Z?B那?常?，因此，英?中的被?釉?h?中往往成了主?印O旅嫖??先看一?常用被?泳湫偷?h?：
It must be pointed out that...必?指出……
It must be admitted that...必?承?……
It is imagined that...人????椤??br />
It can not be denied that...不可否?……
It will be seen from this that...由此可知……
It should be realized that...必???到……
It is (always) stressed that...人??(?是)???……
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that...可以毫不???地?……
?些常用被?泳湫?凫读??T表?法，在科技英?中出??率很高，考生不?H要熟悉?些句型的固定翻?，同?r要??到?多英?中的被??牧??T上?碇v要?成?h?的主?印N??再看一??典型的例子：
And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
?文：?多人??椋?胀ㄈ说乃季S活?痈??o法?科?W家的思?活?酉啾龋?J?檫@些思?活?颖仨???某??iT??才能掌握。
原文中有三??被?诱Z?Bis imagined, be compared和be required，?成?h?都?成了主?颖磉_：??椤⑾啾群驼莆铡?br />
有些英?被?有枰?阎髡Z?成?h?的??，??硬拍芨?臃?现形牡谋磉_??T。
例如：New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore (?w?;恢?停?团d;恢?徒】担?驮??hat sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the past time.
?文：必?找到新的能源，?需要?r?;而?去我??感?到的那?能源?r廉而充足的情?r?⒉淮罂赡茉俪霈F了。
六、英?多?化，?h?多重?
熟悉英?的人都知道，英?表?相同的意思?r往往??Q表?方式。第一次?"我???quot;可以用"I think"，第二次再用"I think"?然就很乏味，????Q成"I believe"或"I imagine"之?的表?。相比之下，?h??ψ??Q表?方式的要求?]有英?那?高，很多英?中的?化表??成重?表?就行了。?看下面的例子：
The monkey’s most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle.
?文：?只猴子最了不起的成就是?W??{?拖拉?C。到九?q的?r候，?只猴子已??W???为?表演??拖拉?C了。tractor和vehicle在句中?然都表示"拖拉?C"，英?表?上有?化，而?成?h??r使用了重?表?法。
七、英?多抽象，?h?多具?
做翻?????多的人都有??拥捏w??河⑽木渥与y?主要?在?????和表?抽象上。通?分析句子的???，把?句?短句、?木渥?分句，???上的??往往迎刃而解。表?抽象?t要求?者吃透原文的意思、用具?的中文?行表?，???忌???哂懈?蟮奶?鹦浴?br />
下面我??先看一?例子：
disintegration 土崩瓦解
ardent(?嵝牡模?崆榈模?oyalty 赤?忠心
total exhaustion 筋疲力?
far-sightedness ??卓?
careful consideration 深思熟?]
perfect harmony (和?;和睦)水乳交融
feed on fancies ??充?
with great eagerness 如?似渴
lack of perseverance 三天打?，?商?窬W
make a little contribution (捐款;捐助)添?加瓦
on the verge of destruction 危在旦夕
?纳厦娴睦?硬浑y看出，英?表?往往比?抽象，?h??t喜?g比?具?。我??再看一??翻?：
Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points whereas the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more "unnatural food."
?文：除非人??於意?到要把人口?p少到??拥某潭龋菏沟厍蚰?樗?腥颂峁┳?虻娘?食，否?t人???⒉坏貌唤邮芨?嗟摹叭嗽焓称贰薄?br />
原文中有三??抽象的名?：sense, point和support和???抽象的形容?comfortable和unnatural。根??缶V中??”硖峁┑慕忉?，sense可指“感?”、“判?嗔Α保?oint的意思是“?”，support的意思是“支??物)”、“支持(物)”，comfortable是“舒?的”，unnatural是“非自然的”，都是意思十分抽象的?，如果不?行具?化?理，?文就可能是??樱撼?侨祟?有??拥母杏X，把人口?p少到??拥模?沟厍蚰?榇蠹姨峁┦孢m的支援，否?t人???⒉坏貌唤邮芨?嗟?quot;非自然的食物"。
八、英?多引申，?h?多推理
英?有?删渌自?：一是You know a word by the company it keeps.(要知?如何，??看?夥)，二是Words do not have meaning, but people have meaning for them.(?本?o?，??人生)。??明?典?υ~的定?和解?是死的，而???哂弥械恼Z言是活的。?脑?慕嵌?碚f，??活用是??和用法的引申，翻?的?r候要?蚀_理解??引申，?者就需要?行推理。
例如：While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
?文：??管?於?v史的定??缀鹾?v史?W家一?佣啵?F代???最符合??右环N定?，即把?v史看作是??^去重大?v史事件的再?和解?。
"recreate"根????法和一般?典上解?都是“重新??造”，而考研英?大???”碇兄挥忻?~"recreation"，所?????quot;??贰⑾??quot;，在??情?r下，考生很容易把recreate?成“重新??造”或者“??贰薄W屑??察recreate不???它?в匈e?the significant events of the part，?倪??上?碇v，"?去的重大?v史事件"是不能"重新??造"的，作者?然??ecreate一?的???行了引申。做翻?的人?常??羞@?右环N感受：某???明明??，可就是不知道?怎?颖磉_。?其??就是?的引申和推理在起作用。
九、英?多省略，?h?多?充
英?一方面十分注重句子???，另一方面又喜?g使用省略。英?省略的?型很多，有名?的省略，?釉~的省略，有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的省略。在?K列???中，英?往往省略前面已出??的??，而?h??t往往重??些省略了的?。
例如：Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.
野心不?H是罪?旱母?矗??r也是??绲母?础?br />
Reading exercises one’s eyes; Speaking, one’s tongue; while writing, one’s mind.
????人的眼睛，????人的口?，??作??人的思?。
One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
在考研英??h中，省略是一?很常??象。例如：
Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
?文：因此，究竟是使用?y?，其他??的??，?是在特定的情?r下?烧叨际褂茫??Q於?於相?πФ鹊?碜越??的?????r?取?Q於成本和可?得性??拥囊蛩亍?br />
whether...or...是?K列??，or前面省略了不定式to use, and upon中?省了?釉~depends。
十、英?多前重心，?h?多後重心
在表?多??思??r，英?往往是判?嗷蚪Y?等在前，事??或描??等在後，即重心在前;?h??t是由因到果、由假?到推?、由事??到??，即重心在後。
比?：I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.
?文：由於?????奶嶙h，才得以??涌斓刂匦??????。?使我感到特?e高?。
The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely (不足地，不充分地;一定不，?不)contested (???;比?).
?文：如果一??民族不能自由地?Q定其政治地位，不能自由地保?其???⑸??臀幕?陌l展，要享受其基本?嗬??词共皇遣豢赡埽?彩遣蝗菀椎摹_@一???缀跏?o可置?的了。
